LoudSheep

Christianity, Moral arguments

2005-04-04T14:07:00.000-07:00

Moral theistic argument belongs primarily to the modern world and perhaps reflects the modern lack of confidence in metaphysical constructions. Kant, having rejected the cosmological, ontological, and design proofs, argued in the Critique of Practical Reason (1788) that the existence of God, though not directly provable, is a necessary postulate of the moral life. To

Saarlouis

2005-04-03T03:09:00.000-07:00

City, Saarland Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies along both sides of the Saar River, near the French border, northwest of Saarbrücken. Founded and named by Louis XIV of France in 1680 and fortified by the military engineer Sébastien de Le Prestre Vauban (1680–86), it became the capital of the French Sarre province. The site of an important arms works in the Napoleonic era, it

Dubnow, Simon Markovich

2005-04-01T11:46:00.000-08:00

Dubnow early ceased to practice Jewish rituals. He later came to believe that his vocation as a historian of Judaism was as true to the faith of his ancestors as were the Talmudic

åbo, Treaty Of

2005-04-01T11:41:00.000-08:00

(1743), peace settlement that concluded the Russo-Swedish War of 1741–43 by obliging Sweden to cede a strip of southern Finland to Russia and to become temporarily dependent on Russia. As a result of the Great Northern War (Treaty of Nystad, 1721), Sweden had lost Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, and part of Karelia to Russia. In 1741 Sweden reached a secret understanding (through French mediators) with

France, History Of, Attempts at a restoration

2005-03-31T21:32:00.000-08:00

The monarchists, however, still held a comfortable majority in the assembly and continued to hope and plan for a restoration. Legitimists and Orleanists remained at odds, but a compromise seemed possible. The Bourbon pretender, the Count de Chambord (“the miracle child” of 1820), was old and childless; the Orleanist pretender, Philippe, Count de Paris, was young and prolific.

Insurance, Credit insurance

2005-03-31T11:09:00.000-08:00

The use of credit in modern societies is so various and widespread that many types of insurance have grown up to cover some of the risks involved. Examples of these risks are the risk of bad debts from insolvency, death, and disability; the risk of loss of savings from bank failure; the risk attaching to home-loan debts when installments are not paid for various reasons,

Saint-gaudens, Augustus

2005-03-29T03:01:00.000-08:00

Saint-Gaudens was born to a French father and an Irish mother. His family moved to New York City when he was an infant and at age 13 he was apprenticed

Stuttgart

2005-03-28T19:04:00.000-08:00

Regierungsbezirk (administrative district), northeastern Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. Stuttgart is bordered by Bavaria Land to the north and east and the Regierungsbezirke of Tübingen to the south and Karlsruhe to the west. The largest of four districts in Baden-Württemberg, it is coextensive with portions of the larger historic regions

Fairbairn, Stephen

2005-03-27T09:00:00.000-08:00

As a coach at Cambridge

Arts, Central Asian, Altaic tribes

2005-03-26T04:53:00.000-08:00

Because of a freak climatic freeze, some of the Altaic burials, notably those of the 5th century BC at Pazyryk and neighbouring sites, such as Katanda, Shibe, and Tuekt, were isolated from external climatic variations by a protective layer of ice that conserved the organic substances buried in them. At Pazyryk these included the bodies of horses and an embalmed man whose

Ah Kin

2005-03-25T19:26:00.000-08:00

(Mayan: “He of the Sun”), the regular clergy of the Yucatec Maya in pre-Columbian times. The Ah Kin are best known historically for their performance in the ritual sacrifice of victims, whose hearts were offered to the Mayan gods. The chief priest (Ah Kin Mai) served in the various capacities of administrator, teacher, healer, astronomer, adviser to the chief, and diviner. Priests

Anthimus Vii Tsatsos

2005-03-24T08:49:00.000-08:00

Like Anthimus VI, his predecessor of a half-century earlier, Anthimus VII is known for his encyclical letter to the Orthodox world refuting a papal encyclical, Praeclara Gratulationis (“Splendid

Erik I

2005-03-23T07:18:00.000-08:00

Byname Erik Bloodax, Norwegian Eirik BlodØks king of Norway (c. 930–935) and later king of Northumberland (948, 952–954). On the death of his father, Harald I Fairhair, first king of united Norway, Erik attempted to make himself sole king of Norway, defeating and slaying two of his brothers to whom vassal kingdoms had been assigned by their father; but his tyranny fostered the reaction that had set in against the strong rule

China, San-kuo (Three Kingdoms; AD 220280)

2005-03-22T10:05:00.000-08:00

By the end of the 2nd century AD the Han Empire had virtually ceased to exist. The repression of the Taoist rebellions of the Yellow Turbans and related sects marked the beginning of a period of unbridled warlordism and political chaos, from which three independent centres of political power emerged. In the north all authority had passed into the hands of the generalissimo

Thomas, W(illiam) I(saac)

2005-03-21T21:49:00.000-08:00

Thomas taught sociology at the University of Chicago (1895–1918), the New School for Social Research, New York City (1923–28), and Harvard University (1936–37). His Sex and

Van Lew, Elizabeth L.

2005-03-21T06:39:00.000-08:00

Van Lew was the daughter of a prosperous family of Northern antecedents. She was educated in Philadelphia and grew up to hold strong antislavery views. During the 1850s, under her influence,

Mexico, History Of

2005-03-18T09:12:00.000-08:00

Diego Velázquez, governor of Cuba, laid the foundation for the conquest of Mexico. In 1517 and 1518 Velázquez sent out expeditions headed by Francisco Hernández de Córdoba and Juan de Grijalva that explored the coasts of Yucatán and the Mexican Gulf. Velázquez commissioned Hernán Cortés to outfit an expedition to investigate their tales of great wealth in the area. Spending

Quantum Field Theory

2005-03-17T11:47:00.000-08:00

Body of physical principles designed to account for subatomic phenomena. The theory also has found applications in other branches of physics. The theory arises from the attempt to combine the principles of quantum mechanics with those of relativity in an effort to describe processes such as high-energy collisions in which particles may be created or

China

2005-03-16T21:27:00.000-08:00

Also called chinaware any of various fine ornamental and useful ceramic wares, usually made of porcelain. See porcelain; bone china; ironstone china.

Ben Barka, Mehdi

2005-03-16T06:27:00.000-08:00

Ben Barka, the son of a Moroccan policeman, taught mathematics

Arctic Circle

2005-03-15T09:25:00.000-08:00

Parallel, or line of latitude around the Earth, at approximately 66°30¢ N. Because of the Earth's inclination of about 23 1/2° to the vertical, it marks the southern limit of the area within which, for one day or more each year, the Sun does not set (about June 21) or rise (about December 21). The length of continuous day or night increases northward from one day on the Arctic Circle to six months

Sørensen, Villy

2005-03-15T03:17:00.000-08:00

Sørensen's first collection of short stories, Saere historier (Tiger in the Kitchen and Other Strange Stories), appeared in 1953; it was followed in 1955 by Ufarlige historier (“Harmless Stories”) and in 1964 by the important

Wade, Benjamin F.

2005-03-14T14:52:00.000-08:00

In 1821 Wade's family moved to Andover, Ohio. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and formed a successful partnership in 1831 with the outspoken antislavery advocate Joshua R. Giddings. After a term

Conscription

2005-03-13T21:27:00.000-08:00

Modified forms of conscription

Wright, Benjamin

2005-03-12T23:40:00.000-08:00

He was trained as a surveyor in his youth, and, after his family moved to the vicinity of Rome, N.Y., in 1789, Wright surveyed about 500,000 acres (200,000 hectares) for farmers

Amman

2005-03-12T10:35:00.000-08:00

Its focus of settlement throughout history has been the small, high, triangular plateau (modern

Gates, Frederick T.

2005-03-11T14:32:00.000-08:00

During his college days at the University of Rochester, N.Y., Gates worked as a bank clerk. His undergraduate studies were followed by three years at the Rochester Theological

Kawaihae

2005-03-11T02:44:00.000-08:00

Kawaihae was a busy port in the 19th century for whalers and traders but declined

Qalyubiyah, Al-

2005-03-11T01:57:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Kalyubia, small muhafazah (governorate), just north of Cairo at the apex of the Nile River delta, Lower Egypt. It is bounded on the northeast by Ash-Sharqiyah muhafazah and on the northwest by the Damietta Branch of the Nile. With a total area of 387 square miles (1,001 square km), it is densely populated. About three-fifths of its population relies on agriculture. The alluvial farmland is irrigated

Italy, The south, 7741000

2005-03-08T19:36:00.000-08:00

When Charlemagne conquered central and northern Italy, Duke Arichis II of Benevento (758–787) responded by titling himself princeps and claiming the legitimist tradition of the Lombards. Lombard princes then ruled in the south for 300 years, until the Norman Conquest. Arichis and his son Grimoald III (787–806) were powerful rulers who held off the Franks, even if Grimoald temporarily

Karaji, Al-

2005-03-08T15:48:00.000-08:00

Also known as al-Karkhi, in full, Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn al-Karaji mathematician and engineer who held an official position in Baghdad (c. 1010–1015), perhaps culminating in the position of vizier, during which time he wrote his three main works, al-Fakhri fi'l-jabr wa'l-muqabala (“Glorious on algebra”), al-Badi‘ fi'l-hisab (“Wonderful on calculation”), and al-Kafi fi'l-hisab (“Sufficient on calculation”). A

Skat

2005-03-08T08:22:00.000-08:00

Skat is for three players. A pack of 32 cards, omitting the 2s, 3s, 4s, 5s, and 6s, is used. Each player receives 10 cards; the remaining 2 are

Arts, South Asian, Indian sculpture in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC: relief sculpture of Orissa

2005-03-07T02:09:00.000-08:00

Sculpture decorating the monasteries cut into the twin hills of Udayagiri and Khandagiri in Orissa represents yet another early Indian local idiom. The work is not of one period but extends over the first two centuries before Christ; the stages of development roughly parallel the styles observed at Sanchi Stupa No. II, Buddh Gaya, and the Great Stupa at Sanchi, but they

Bacan

2005-03-06T05:53:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Bachan, or Batjan, island, Maluku Utara kabupaten (North Molucca regency), Maluku propinsi (province), Indonesia, one of the northern Moluccas in the Molucca Sea. The islands of Kasiruta to the northwest, Mandioli to the west, and about 80 other islets compose the Kepulauan Bacan group. With an area of about 700 sq mi (1,800 sq km), Bacan is mountainous in the south, rising to 6,926 ft (2,111 m), relatively level and lower

Hardy, Alexandre

2005-03-05T07:51:00.000-08:00

Hardy was a hired poet for troupes of actors both in the provinces and in Paris. His works were widely admired in court circles, where he wrote for royal companies. The actors who bought his plays rarely allowed him to publish them, and fewer

Wells, David Ames

2005-03-04T05:19:00.000-08:00

A graduate of Williams College (1847), Wells later studied under Louis Agassiz at the

Bhaiband

2005-03-04T01:57:00.000-08:00

(Hindi), Urdu-Persian Beradari (“brotherhood”), important instrument of caste self-government in India; the bhaiband is the council formed by the heads of families that belong to the same lineage in a particular area, thus constituting an exogamous (those who do not intermarry) unit within the endogamous (those who do intermarry) caste group. One of their concerns, in addition to questions arising as a

Pufendorf, Samuel, Freiherr Von (baron Of)

2005-03-03T07:15:00.000-08:00

German jurist and historian, best known for his defense of the idea of natural law. He was created a baron in the last year of his life.

Anhwei

2005-03-02T13:37:00.000-08:00

Chinese (Wade-Giles) An-hui, (Pinyin) Anhui, sheng (province) of China. It is one of the country's smallest provinces, covering an area of 54,000 square miles (139,900 square kilometres) and stretching for 400 miles (640 kilometres) from north to south. Landlocked, it is bounded by the provinces of Kiangsu to the northeast, Chekiang to the southeast, Kiangsi to the south, and Hupeh and Honan to the west. Its northern extremity barely touches

Wells, David Ames

2005-03-02T11:52:00.000-08:00

One of the various plated dinosaurs (Stegosauria) of the Late Jurassic Period (159 million to 144 million years ago) recognizable by its spiked tail and series of large triangular bony plates along the back. Stegosaurus usually grew to a length of about 6.5 metres (21 feet), but some reached 9 metres (30 feet). The skull and brain were very small for such a large animal. The forelimbs were much

Ocala

2005-03-01T09:15:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1846) of Marion county, north-central Florida, U.S., about 35 miles (55 km) southeast of Gainesville. It developed around Fort King (established in 1827), an important post during the Seminole Wars. The city's name was derived from Ocali, the Timucua Indian name for the province through which Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto passed in 1539; its literal meaning is unknown. After the Seminole

Jacobs, Helen Hull

2005-03-01T06:16:00.000-08:00

Jacobs was the national junior tennis champion in 1924–25 and attended the University of California, Berkeley, from 1926 to 1929. She was defeated by Helen Wills in the 1928 finals at Forest Hills, New York, and in the Wimbledon

Paestum

2005-02-28T03:30:00.000-08:00

Poseidonia was probably founded about 600 BC by Greek colonists from Sybaris, along the Gulf of Taranto, and it had become a flourishing town by 540, judging from its temples.

Tachycardia

2005-02-27T18:41:00.000-08:00

In physiology and medicine, a heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute. Tachycardia occurs normally during and after exercise or during stress and represents no danger to healthy individuals. In some cases, however, tachycardia occurs without apparent cause and is an arrhythmia, i.e., a pathological deviation from the normal heartbeat rhythm. Most arrhythmias are

Chemical Compound, Monoterpenes

2005-02-27T15:58:00.000-08:00

The monoterpenes are isolated from their natural sources by distillation of the plant matter with steam. They are volatile oils, less dense than water, and have normal boiling points in the range 150°–185° C (300°–365° F). Purification is usually achieved by fractional distillation at reduced pressures or by regeneration from a crystalline derivative. Acyclic monoterpene hydrocarbons

Pluriarc

2005-02-26T10:28:00.000-08:00

Also called Bow Lute, west African stringed musical instrument having a deep boxlike body from which project between two and eight slender, curved arms; one string runs from the end of each arm to a string holder on the belly. The strings are plucked, usually by the fingers, occasionally by plectra attached to the fingers. They are generally played open, as on a harp; in some regions they are

La Paz

2005-02-25T22:29:00.000-08:00

City, capital of the estado (“state”) of Baja California Sur, northwestern Mexico. Only 33 feet (10 m) above sea level on the La Paz Bay of the Gulf of California, the city has a hot, dry climate. The bay was discovered by the Spanish in 1596, and early in the 18th century it was temporarily the site of a Jesuit mission. The town was established in the early 1800s and was the capital of Baja California

Sava, Saint

2005-02-25T11:16:00.000-08:00

Sava was a Serbian noble of the Nemanja dynasty. He migrated to Mount Athos

Kirkpatrick, Jeane

2005-02-24T07:57:00.000-08:00

Kirkpatrick took an associate's degree from Stephens College, Columbia, Missouri (1946), a bachelor's from Barnard College, New York City, and a master's and doctorate from Columbia University, New York City (1950 and 1968, respectively).

Margin

2005-02-23T17:41:00.000-08:00

In finance, the amount by which the value of collateral provided as security for a loan exceeds the amount of the loan. This excess represents the borrower's equity contribution in a transaction that is partly financed by borrowed funds; thus it provides a “margin” of safety to the lender over and above the collateral that is pledged. The size of the margin that is required

Wa

2005-02-23T16:51:00.000-08:00

Also called Lawa, Va, Hkawa, Kawa, or Kala, hill-dwelling peoples of eastern Myanmar (Burma), where they are generally called Lawa, and southwestern Yunnan province of China, where they are generally called Va, or Wa. They speak an Austro-Asiatic language related to Mon-Khmer. The pagan, or “wild,” Wa are concentrated in the isolated northern and central Wa states of Myanmar; they are known as headhunters who believe

Smith, Bernard

2005-02-22T18:23:00.000-08:00

Smith was an apprentice of the German organ builder Christian Förmer but adapted easily to the English style of building after his emigration there in 1660. Some years after building an instrument for the Chapel Royal at London, Smith was named king's organ maker (1681). Thereafter he built many important

Robbins (of Clare Market), Lionel Charles Robbins, Baron

2005-02-20T09:32:00.000-08:00

Robbins was educated at the University of London and the London School of Economics (LSE). After periods of teaching at New College, Oxford, and LSE, he was appointed professor of economics at the latter university in 1929, a position he held until 1961. Robbins was influenced

Fabrizi, Nicola

2005-02-20T03:45:00.000-08:00

As a young man, Fabrizi helped plan and execute the 1831 Milan rising against the Austrians. Unsuccessful in his attempt to revive the revolution in Modena, he was forced to flee but was captured by the Austrians and

Lenard, Philipp

2005-02-20T01:08:00.000-08:00

After working as a lecturer and as an assistant to Heinrich

Iriga

2005-02-18T11:17:00.000-08:00

City, southeastern Luzon, Philippines. It is located in the central part of Bicol Peninsula, about 20 miles (30 km) southeast of Naga. Iriga is named for the extinct volcano (3,976 feet [1,212 m]) in whose shadow it stands. The land surrounding Mount Iriga is extremely rough and suitable mainly for abaca (Manila hemp) plantations. Agriculture is the main economic activity in the area. Inc. city,

Metaplasia

2005-02-18T02:15:00.000-08:00

In zoology, the conversion of one type of living cell or group of cells into another as a means of regeneration. For example, the damaged or removed lens of a salamander eye is replaced through the transformation of nearby pigmented iris cells into lens cells. The regeneration of brain tissue from epidermis in annelid worms is another well-documented example of metaplasia.

Danieli, Cecilia

2005-02-18T01:50:00.000-08:00

Italian industrialist who, as managing director of the Danieli Group, a company founded by her grandfather, revolutionized steelmaking throughout the world when she developed small, flexible steel mills, or minimills, that could produce high-quality steel more cheaply and efficiently than traditional mills could (b. 1943, Udine, Italy—d. June 17, 1999, Aviano, Italy).

Maharashtra, Education

2005-02-17T05:33:00.000-08:00

Maharashtra's literacy rate—which consists of more than half of the state's adult population—exceeds the national average. The state provides free compulsory education for children between the ages of 6 and 14. Vocational and multipurpose high schools also have grown in importance. The state operates two universities (including one for women) at Bombay and others at

Aschelminth, Importance

2005-02-17T02:27:00.000-08:00

The aschelminths are primarily particle feeders, grazing on bacteria, microfungi, algae, and protozoans, though some are predators on other aschelminths. As such they play important roles in recycling nutrients, which then become available for plant growth, and in promoting the decomposition of dead organic matter. Aschelminths are at the base of many food

Toba Sojo

2005-02-16T06:26:00.000-08:00

Toba is traditionally regarded as the artist of a series of important narrative scrolls featuring humorous secular subjects: “History of Mount Shigi” and “Scrolls of Frolicking Animals.” The “History of Mount Shigi” consists of illustrations

Udon Thani

2005-02-15T13:25:00.000-08:00

Town, northeastern Thailand, near the northern (Laotian) border. Udon Thani is the major town of the northern Khorat Plateau and is served by road, rail, and air. The surrounding area produces rice, livestock, timber, and freshwater fish. Pop. (1986 est.) 82,706.

Philadelphia

2005-02-15T11:22:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1833) of Neshoba county, east-central Mississippi, U.S., and headquarters of the Choctaw Indian Agency, 80 miles (130 km) northeast of Jackson. It was settled on an old Native American site, Aloon Looanshaw, following the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek (1830) and named for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The agency was established in 1918, and the majority of the state's several thousand

Constitutional Convention

2005-02-15T07:57:00.000-08:00

(1787), in U.S. history, convention that drew up the Constitution of the United States. Stimulated by severe economic troubles, which produced radical political movements such as Shays's Rebellion, and urged on by a demand for a stronger central government, the convention met in the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia (May 25–Sept. 17, 1787), ostensibly to amend the Articles of Confederation.

Cummings, E.e.

2005-02-13T16:41:00.000-08:00

In full Edward Estlin Cummings American poet and painter who first attracted attention, in an age of literary experimentation, for his eccentric punctuation and phrasing. The spirit of New England dissent and of Emersonian “Self-Reliance” underlies the urbanized Yankee colloquialism of Cummings' verse. Cummings' name is often styled “e.e. cummings” in the

Maumee River

2005-02-12T15:57:00.000-08:00

River formed near Fort Wayne, Ind., U.S., by the confluence of the St. Joseph and St. Marys rivers. It flows northeast into Ohio, past Defiance and on to Toledo, where it enters Lake Erie through Maumee Bay. About 130 miles (210 km) long, the Maumee is navigable for about 12 miles (19 km) from its mouth and serves as the harbour of Toledo. It receives the Auglaize River, its chief tributary, at Defiance.

Accelerometer

2005-02-12T07:55:00.000-08:00

Instrument that measures the rate at which the velocity of an object is changing (i.e., its acceleration). Acceleration cannot be measured directly. An accelerometer, therefore, measures the force exerted by restraints that are placed on a reference mass to hold its position fixed in an accelerating body. Acceleration is computed using the relationship between restraint

Spanish Town

2005-02-12T03:06:00.000-08:00

City, southeastern central Jamaica. It is situated along the Rio Cobre, 10 miles (16 km) west of Kingston. Probably laid out by Diego Columbus (c. 1523), it was originally called Santiago de la Vega (St. James of the Plain) and was Jamaica's capital from 1692 until 1872. It is now a commercial and processing centre for produce of the irrigated Liguanea Plain (bananas, sugarcane, annatto, breadfruit,

Biography

2005-02-11T00:26:00.000-08:00

Form of nonfictional literature, the subject of which is the life of an individual. One of the oldest forms of literary expression, it seeks to recreate in words the life of a human being, that of the writer himself or of another person, drawing upon the resources, memory and all available evidences—written, oral, pictorial.

Brecon Beacons National Park

2005-02-10T22:48:00.000-08:00

Welsh Parc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog national park in southern Wales, occupying 519 square miles (1,344 square km) of mountains, moors, forests, pastureland, lakes, and the broad Usk valley. The easternmost highlands in the park are the Black Mountains (old red sandstone) of Powys county, lying east of the River Usk between Abergavenny and Hay-on-Wye, with their highest point at Waun Fach, elevation 2,660 feet (811 metres). Centrally

Klammer, Franz

2005-02-10T02:31:00.000-08:00

Winner of eight of the nine downhill races on the World Cup tour in 1975, Klammer was the favourite at the 1976 Olympics but faced stiff competition from defending

Yesuj

2005-02-09T18:08:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Yasuj, town, southwestern Iran. The town has a sugar mill and other local industry producing bricks and mosaic tiles, livestock feed, mats and baskets, and carpets and rugs. Roads link it with Dogonbaden, Dehdasht, Shiraj, Nurabad, and Bandar-e Bushehr. There is a thermoelectric power station located at Yesuj. Pop. (1986) 29,991.

Biblical Literature, Form criticism

2005-02-08T23:28:00.000-08:00

Form criticism has become one of the most valuable tools for the reconstruction of the preliterary tradition. This discipline classifies the literary material according to the principal “forms”—such as legal, poetic, and other forms—represented in its contents, and examines these in order to discover how they were handed down and what their successive life settings

Moradabad

2005-02-08T07:45:00.000-08:00

City, administrative headquarters of Moradabad district, Uttar Pradesh state, northern India, on a ridge along the Ramganga River. Moradabad was founded in 1625 by Rustam Khan (a Mughal general), who built the fort north of the city as well as the Jami' Masjid, a large mosque. Located at a major road and rail junction, it is a trade centre for agricultural products. Industries include cotton

Arts, Central Asian, Paleolithic cultures

2005-02-07T05:42:00.000-08:00

The earliest artifacts discovered in Central Asia were found in Siberia and western Turkistan and are from about the 13th millennium BC. During the millennia that followed, migrants entered the region from various directions, regardless of the geographic obstacles they encountered. As a result, some of their artifacts correspond with those produced at a similar

Vacuum Flask

2005-02-07T04:20:00.000-08:00

The vacuum flask was devised to preserve liquefied gases by preventing the transfer of heat from the surroundings to the liquid. The evacuated space

Moses

2005-02-06T11:32:00.000-08:00

Hebrew Moshe Hebrew prophet, teacher, and leader who, in the 13th century BCE (before the Common Era, or BC), delivered his people from Egyptian slavery. In the Covenant ceremony at Mt. Sinai, where the Ten Commandments were promulgated, he founded the religious community known as Israel. As the interpreter of these Covenant stipulations, he was the organizer of the community's

Radin, Paul

2005-02-06T09:12:00.000-08:00

U.S. anthropologist who was influential in advancing a historical model of primitive society based on a synthesis of economic and social structure, religion, philosophy, and psychology. He pioneered in such important fields of anthropology as culture-personality studies and the use of autobiographical documents. An accomplished

Anubis

2005-02-05T16:19:00.000-08:00

His particular concern was with the funerary cult and the care of the dead: hence he was reputed to be the

Sesshu

2005-02-05T08:17:00.000-08:00

Original surname Oda , also called Toyo, Unkoku , or Bikeisai artist of the Muromachi period, one of the greatest masters of the Japanese art of sumi-e, or monochrome ink painting. Sesshu adapted Chinese models to Japanese artistic ideals and aesthetic sensibilities. He painted landscapes, Zen Buddhist pictures, and screens decorated with birds, flowers, and animals.

Six, Les

2005-02-05T02:45:00.000-08:00

(French: “The Six”), group of early 20th-century French composers whose music represents a strong reaction against the heavy German Romanticism of Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss, as well as against the lush Impressionism of Claude Debussy. Les Six were Darius Milhaud, Francis Poulenc, Arthur Honegger, Georges Auric, Louis Durey, and Germaine Tailleferre. The French

Star

2005-02-04T23:39:00.000-08:00

Throughout the Milky Way Galaxy (and even near the Sun itself), astronomers have discovered stars that are well evolved or even approaching extinction, or both, as well as occasional stars that must be very young or still in the process of formation. Evolutionary effects on these stars are not negligible, not even for a middle-aged star such as the Sun. More massive stars

Jawf, Al-

2005-02-03T19:26:00.000-08:00

Town and oasis, northern Saudi Arabia. It lies at the northern edge of an-Nafud desert near the source of the Wadi as-Sirhan. Formerly considered a part of the Jabal Shammar region, the oasis now lies within the northern reaches of the Hejaz. The town is strategically located on an ancient caravan route between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, and it has long been

Ascaris

2005-02-03T15:21:00.000-08:00

Any of a genus of worms (order Ascaridida, class Nematoda) that are parasitic in the intestines of various terrestrial animals, chiefly herbivores. They are typically large worms characterized by a mouth surrounded by three lips. The species Ascaris lumbricoides is probably the most familiar parasite in humans. An almost identical worm, often called A. suum, occurs

Sabah

2005-02-03T11:15:00.000-08:00

Region of East Malaysia, forming the northern part of the great island of Borneo, and bordered by Sarawak (southwest) and Kalimantan, or Indonesian Borneo (south). Sabah has an 800–900-mile- (1,290–1,450-kilometre-) long, heavily indented coastline that is washed by the South China, Sulu, and Celebes seas. It was known as North Borneo during the British colonial period (until 1963). Its 28,425-square-mile (73,620-square-kilometre)

Consolidated Rail Corporation

2005-02-02T17:10:00.000-08:00

Byname Conrail, publicly owned American railroad company established by the federal government under the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 to take over six bankrupt northeastern railroads. Conrail commenced operations on April 1, 1976, with major portions of the Central Railroad Company of New Jersey, Erie Lackawanna Railway Company, Lehigh & Hudson River Railway Company, Lehigh

Argentina, Alfonsín's administration

2005-02-01T15:39:00.000-08:00

Soon after his inauguration in December 1983, Alfonsín reversed legislation passed under Bignone by announcing plans to prosecute several members of the defunct military government, including former presidents Videla, Viola, and Galtieri. He also repealed a law granting amnesty to those accused of crimes and human rights violations during the Dirty War, and hundreds

Aesthetics, Representation and expression in art

2005-02-01T02:57:00.000-08:00

Various theories have been proposed in answer to these questions, the most popular being that the forms of art are similar to language and are to be understood as language is understood, in terms of conventions and semantic rules. A few examples of contemporary theories that have described art in this way include Ernst Cassirer's philosophy of symbolic forms, Susanne

Braconid

2005-01-31T01:24:00.000-08:00

Many species are valuable in the control

Chuuk Islands

2005-01-30T11:36:00.000-08:00

Formerly Truk Islands, or Hogoleu, cluster of 14 much-eroded high volcanic islands in Chuuk State, Federated States of Micronesia, in the western Pacific Ocean. Forming part of the eastern Caroline Islands, the Chuuk Islands are enclosed within an encircling barrier bank composed of some 69 sand and coral islets. The bank (often referred to as a reef) encloses a lagoon of 822 square miles (2,129 square km) in area and

Skeet Shooting

2005-01-30T06:00:00.000-08:00

Sport in which marksmen use shotguns to shoot at clay targets thrown into the air by spring devices called traps. It differs from trapshooting (q.v.), from which it derived, in that in skeet, traps are set at two points on the field and targets may be thrown diagonally across the shooter's field of vision as well as directly away from him (see illustration). The sport was developed

Margaret Of Anjou

2005-01-30T00:53:00.000-08:00

Margaret was the daughter of René I

Aristeas, Letter Of

2005-01-29T00:55:00.000-08:00

Pseudepigraphal work of pseudo-history produced in Alexandria, probably in the mid-2nd century BC, to promote the cause of Judaism. Though the size and prestige of the Jewish community had already secured for itself a definite place in Alexandrian society and serious anti-Semitism had not yet gained currency, the Jewish community was in conflict. While some Jews embraced

Mellon, Andrew W.

2005-01-28T20:48:00.000-08:00

After completing his studies at Western University (now the University of Pittsburgh), Mellon entered

Fisherman's Ring

2005-01-28T08:43:00.000-08:00

The pope's signet ring; it shows St. Peter as a fisherman and has the reigning pope's name inscribed around the border. Used since the 13th century as a seal for private letters and since the 15th century for papal briefs, it is one of two papal seals, the other being the leaden bull (bulla). The ring, which each newly elected pope receives, is publicly broken after his death.

Henry I

2005-01-27T18:19:00.000-08:00

Byname Henry Beauclerc (Good Scholar), French Henri Beauclerc youngest and ablest of William I the Conqueror's sons, who as king of England (1100–35) strengthened the crown's executive powers and, like his father, also ruled Normandy (from 1106).

Shahr-e Sokhta

2005-01-27T09:32:00.000-08:00

Archaeological site located south of Zabol in the Balochistan region of eastern Iran. It has yielded important information on Chalcolithic (Bronze Age) settlement in the Helmand River valley during the 3rd millennium BC. Excavation of the site in 1967 by the Centre of Archaeological Studies and Excavations of the Italian Institute for the Middle and Far East has revealed

Taft, William Howard

2005-01-25T06:17:00.000-08:00

For additional writings by Taft, see Limited Presidential Power and The Cabinet and the Congress.

China, Sun Yat-sen and the United League

2005-01-25T03:27:00.000-08:00

Sun's leadership in the league was far from undisputed. His understanding that the support of foreign powers was indispensable for Chinese revolution militated against the anti-imperialist trend of the young intellectuals. Only half-heartedly accepted was the principle of people's livelihood, or socialism, one of his Three Principles. Though various evaluations

Nordenskiöld, Erland

2005-01-25T03:21:00.000-08:00

Son of the scientist-explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld and cousin of explorer-geographer

LoudSheep

Christianity, Moral arguments

Saarlouis

Dubnow, Simon Markovich

åbo, Treaty Of

France, History Of, Attempts at a restoration

Insurance, Credit insurance

Saint-gaudens, Augustus

Stuttgart

Fairbairn, Stephen

Arts, Central Asian, Altaic tribes

Ah Kin

Anthimus Vii Tsatsos

Erik I

China, San-kuo (Three Kingdoms; AD 220280)

Thomas, W(illiam) I(saac)

Van Lew, Elizabeth L.

Mexico, History Of

Quantum Field Theory

China

Ben Barka, Mehdi

Arctic Circle

Sørensen, Villy

Wade, Benjamin F.

Conscription

Wright, Benjamin

Amman

Gates, Frederick T.

Kawaihae

Qalyubiyah, Al-

Italy, The south, 7741000

Karaji, Al-

Skat

Arts, South Asian, Indian sculpture in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC: relief sculpture of Orissa

Bacan

Hardy, Alexandre

Wells, David Ames

Bhaiband

Pufendorf, Samuel, Freiherr Von (baron Of)

Anhwei

Wells, David Ames

Ocala

Jacobs, Helen Hull

Paestum

Tachycardia

Chemical Compound, Monoterpenes

Pluriarc

La Paz

Sava, Saint

Kirkpatrick, Jeane

Margin

Wa

Smith, Bernard

Robbins (of Clare Market), Lionel Charles Robbins, Baron

Fabrizi, Nicola

Lenard, Philipp

Iriga

Metaplasia

Danieli, Cecilia

Maharashtra, Education

Aschelminth, Importance

Toba Sojo

Udon Thani

Philadelphia

Constitutional Convention

Cummings, E.e.

Maumee River

Accelerometer

Spanish Town

Biography

Brecon Beacons National Park

Klammer, Franz

Yesuj

Biblical Literature, Form criticism

Moradabad

Arts, Central Asian, Paleolithic cultures

Vacuum Flask

Moses

Radin, Paul

Anubis

China, San-kuo (Three Kingdoms; AD 220280)

Italy, The south, 7741000